On May 9, 2012, Gary Joiner, a 56-year-old African American male, was fatally shot during a home invasion on the 300 block of May Street in Buffalo, New York. His death occurred amid a surge in gun violence in the city, with 105 people shot and 13 killed by that date in 2012—a more than 70% increase compared to the same period the previous year. Authorities attributed much of this violence to retaliatory acts and "street justice," noting a troubling pattern of witness non-cooperation that hind
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