Johnnie Mae Chappell, a 35-year-old African American woman, was tragically killed on March 23, 1964, in Jacksonville, Florida. On that fateful evening, Chappell, a mother of ten, was walking along U.S. Route 1, northwest of the city, searching for her wallet that had fallen from her bag while she was carrying groceries home. During this period, Jacksonville was experiencing significant racial tensions and riots. As Chappell walked, a car with four white men drove past her. One of the men, J.W. R
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